Cases of Cancer explode in Maisan amid unbridled industries
Since 2003, the lifting of the embargo on Iraq has led to the revival of the local market, and the creation of countless private factories, such as brickworks, which operate at low cost and consume a lot of oil. These factories are concentrated in the south of the country, due to the absence of the State and the growing influence of armed militias. The consequences for the environment and the health of the local population are disastrous.
Iraq is home to numerous militias that flourished after 2003, due to the instability that followed the American invasion. The province of Maysan, known for its clanism, is a case in point. The customs perpetuated by clan chiefs enable them to extend their moral and material authority over the entire province, fostering chaos and the spread of corruption at all levels of administration, with complete impunity.
Tribal racketeering
The areas of Maysan province - particularly on its outskirts - are demographically divided according to tribal...
Ethnic tensions on the rise in Kirkuk amid political maneuvers
The provincial capital is home to Arab, Turkmen and Kurdish communities and is also divided into sectarian groups (Shia and Sunni). Historical griefs following efforts by political actors to modify the demographics of the city have never healed and get regularly revived due to the instrumentalization of those divisions by political actors.
Underlying tensions in Kirkuk came to a head on September 2 when four Kurds were killed in violent clashes. The deaths may foretell a difficult autumn in the multi-ethnic governorate, which is claimed by both Baghdad and Erbil and is home to Kurds, Arabs, Turkmen. The provincial elections scheduled for December 18 — the first time these polls will be held since 2005 — will be a key test of the relative balance of power in the governorate. While a great deal is at stake locally, political developments in Kirkuk will also have a significant impact on Baghdad-Erbil relations.
In August, the Iraqi government announced it would return the...
Kurdish language in Iraq: 30 years of evolution
The linguistic situation in Iraqi Kurdistan is unusual in many ways. Being a true bastion of Kurdish culture, the region boasts no less than three Kurdish dialects, some of which are difficult to understand. The Kurdish language, sometimes threatened with eradication in other Kurdish regions beyond Iraq's borders, is so firmly established here that no other language seems able to seriously compete with it. And yet, beyond this apparent immutability, contradictory socio-linguistic trends have emerged in recent years, driven by social and political events and by the region's economic...
Iraqi Kurdistan is Heading for Further Disintegration
Kurdistan, in Iraq, is losing social cohesion. The substance, or substances that once held society together are no longer desirable. In this piece, I demonstrate how the historical contributions of Kurdish and Muslim identities have made to social cohesion in Kurdistan through beliefs, routines, symbols, stories, and imagination. Being...
Iraqi Kurdistan’s political turmoil
this article is published in collaboration with Le Monde Diplomatique Kurdi
In the past months, Iraqi Kurdistan has been embroiled in interminable negotiations with the Iraqi federal government on the one hand, and beset by its own political discord on the other. This combination of challenges have put the autonomous government (KRG) into a serious institutional crisis. The federal government's decision to allocate 12.6% of its budget to the KRG in exchange for the annual delivery of 400,000 barrels of oil to Baghdad was not well received in Erbil. Meanwhile, tensions are mounting between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), the two parties dominating the Kurdish political scene. These internal tensions are further weakening the KRG's negotiation capacity vis a vis the federal government who remains determined to reassert its authority over trade and exports in Iraq.
The Oil Imbroglio
Bad news has been piling up for Kurdistan since March 23 2023, when an international...
Iraq’s stalled progress: unravelling the impact of delayed public projects
In the shadowy silhouette of Iraq's neighbohoods, lie the stark reminders of unfulfilled dreams : countless structures, abandoned and languishing in neglect. Their silent, hollowed shells bristle in the relentless wind, while stray dogs seek refuge amidst the decaying remnants of what was once the promise of development. These...
Social networks becomes Iraq’s freedom of expression new battleground
In mid-January, the Ministry of the Interior launched a web platform to denounce immoral content. In less than two months, no less than 137,000 reports of "immoral content" had been made according to an anonymous source. Since the beginning of the year, a dozen bloggers and influencers have been arrested in Iraq for videos deemed indecent.
Freedom of expression at stake
The Internet is under threat. Influencers on social networks now have to think twice before publishing content on Facebook, TikTok, YouTube or Instagram if they don't want the police knocking...
Surviving The Aftermath: The Legacy Of Sanctions On Maternal And Child Health In Post-2003 Iraq
The economic sanctions imposed on Iraq in 1990 had a devastating impact on its people, particularly women who faced unique forms of suffering during the 13-year-long sanctions. The shortage of basic necessities, including women's, had a severe impact on their health and well-being. The healthcare sector also suffered greatly, leading to increased maternal and child mortality rates with consequences still felt up till today.. Twenty years after the lifting of the sanctions, it is worth examining whether the situation has improved for Iraqi women or if they continue to face similar challenges. This article will delve into the unique suffering of women during the blockade and explore the current situation to determine if they are still facing significant challenges.
During...
Speak: You are not alone
A young man, Muntazer Hamid Al-Thuwaini, a pharmacist working in a government hospital, is launching an application (talk), which is a mobile application through which he provides support and psychological support to those in need via the Internet.
"The complex political circumstances experienced by the Iraqi state since its establishment more than a century ago and until now have caused confusion and instability to be the prevailing state in society," Muntazer talked about the reasons that inspired him to the idea of the project. Instability creates a culture that ignores the quality of life and its necessities, according to Muntazer. Mental health was one of the "most important absent necessities in society's culture"; Therefore, the founder of the Bouh application, the pharmacist Muntazer Hamid Al-Thuwaini, believes that since time immemorial, Iraq has been the preferred home for wars, internal divisions, and external occupation, perhaps its geographical location and the curse of its black gold, which was imposed by those bad...
In Kurdistan, Turkey misses target and faces Iraqi backlash
It is a heavy morning in Sulaymaniyah, on the 8th of April 2023. A light breeze is blowing, carrying clouds of dusty sand, like a bad omen. The air is heavy and the surrounding mountains are invisible. Life was going on normally in the city, although it slightly slowed down on the third week of ramadan. In the outskirts of the provincial capital, Suleymaniya’s airport’s vicinity is peaceful. The flight to Medina took off on time at night. Nothing could let people imagine that a military operation had taken place there the day before.
« Aerial bombing », « bomb dropped against a gate », or even « iranian rocket »… Rumors soon started flooding before details about what really happened were delivered in the evening. Mazlum Abdî, also known as Mazlum Kobanî, the supreme commander of the Syrian Democratic Forces, a coalition of militias dominated by Syrian Kurdish rebels, and Îlham Ahmed, the co-president of the Syrian Democratic Council (SDC), a political entity ruling over an autonomous and non recognized region in North-East Syria (AANES), were indeed in Sulaymaniyah and had been targeted by a drone strike. The United States Ministry of Defense commented on the incident, mentioning an « attack on a convoy », while others spoke of a helicopter which was bringing back two Syrian Kurdish officials to AANES (also referred to as Rojava by Kurdish activists) from Sulaymaniyah. In both cases, American military personnel would have been present on the ground of attack, although no casualties...
Twenty Years After: Reflections on the Consequences of the US Invasion of Iraq
As we live through the twentieth anniversary of the US-led invasion of Iraq, The Red Line Media is proud to present a series of articles exploring the complex and ongoing impact of this historic event. From the political upheaval and constitutional challenges faced by the Iraqi people, to the ongoing struggles of women, children and families in the aftermath of war, our writers have delved deep into the heart of the matter to bring you the most compelling and insightful analysis.
It's hard to believe that two decades have passed since the world was rocked by the events of 2003. International reactions to the US-led invasion were mixed, with some nations expressing support for the move while others protested vehemently...
Black Gold: a curse afflicting the poor, and a blessing for the corrupt
According to official figures, Basra, the third largest city in Iraq, located in the far south, is inhabited by approximately 2.7 million people. In reality, the number is much higher, but we must bear in mind the inadequacy of field survey procedures, the lack of an electronic governance system, in addition to the migration of citizens from the central and southern regions of Iraq towards Basra city. All these factors must have increased the population growth, but were not included in the Basra census. Among the factors promoting migration to Basra is the search for job opportunities in the private sector, the construction sector, or the oil industry, as there are a large number of oil and non-oil companies, both foreign and local, in various fields and businesses there.
Despite the presence of these oil companies in Basra city, unemployment rates remain unchanged in the country as a whole. Iraqis continue to struggle to find job opportunities in both the...
The echo of Rojhelat’s “Jin Jiyan Azadi” slogan reaches Iraqi Kurdistan
While East Kurdistan’s and Iran’s protests are gaining worldwide attention and international support, little support has emerged from the Iraqi Kurdish community. In the Iraqi Kurdish region (KRG) intra-Kurdish rivalry between the Kurdistan Union Party (PUK) and the Democratic Party of Kurdistan (PDK) as well as these parties’ political dependencies to neighboring States has limited the expressions of support to this struggle by the public of the Kurdistan Region.
Jina Amini, also known by her Persian-imposed name Mahsa Amini (as Iran, in a typical colonial manner, refuses to recognize Kurdish names), was a 22-year-old Kurdish woman from Saqqaz, aspiring to become a lawyer. However, the Islamic Republic of Iran's regime ended her dream on 16 September 2022 as she was severely beaten while in the custody of morality police for not wearing the compulsory hijab correctly.
Despite the regime’s attempts to hide the cause of death from the public, the story eventually broke out, thanks to journalist Niloofar Hamedi, who was later arrested for breaking the news.
Details of the abuse Jina suffered spread across Iran and beyond, initiating riots in all Kurdish cities in Iran. Later almost all provinces of the country followed suit, from Rojhelat (Kurdistan) to Baluchistan, from Iran’s Azerbaijan province to Khuzestan, not to mention the Persian provinces of Iran, including its capital. All demanded the end of theistic dictatorship, patriarchy, and compulsory hijab.
Simultaneously, Kurds in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq started organizing protests in support of the people of Iran and, specifically, the Kurdish provinces in...
Garmian’s Oil sector
Garmian is a subdistrict of the Sulaymaniyah province, which, by definition, falls under the control of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) party, led by the Talabani family since its creation in 1975). This sub district is one of the few areas of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) to contain oil fields. Like all sub-districts of Sulaymaniyeh, Garmian is under the influence of local PUK chieftains, namely Mahmood Sangawi, Adnan Hamaimina and Ali Shahid Muamad. These leaders have long played a decisive role in the attribution of oil concessions while also secretly setting up their own companies to benefit from the oil production in Garmian.
Garmian, a border area between the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan and the federal areas known as the disputed territories as defined by the Iraqi constitution, is an unstable area where tensions remain between kurdish (peshmerga) forces, Iraqi federal army and Shia militias. Adding to this, the poor coordination between these military factions significantly...
Iranian Bombings in Iraqi Kurdistan: Rising Violence and the Beginning of a Serious Conflict
Two months after Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian-Kurdish student, was beaten to death by the authorities for not having worn her veil correctly, the revolution continues in Iran. So does the repression of the Mullah’s regime which, according to an Iran Human Rights (IHR) report from 16 November, has killed 342 people, and sentenced 5 protesters to death.
In Iraqi Kurdistan, Iranian drones and ballistic missiles targeted the two major revolutionary Iranian-Kurdish parties in exile, the Komala and the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI), on 28 September and 14 November.
The escalation between Iran and its Kurdish minority threatens to open up a new forefront and further unsettle the region. These tensions are nothing new, and the relations between Teheran and the Kurds have never been quiet. A centuries-old fight divides them; on the one hand, Iran refuses to grant any rights to its Kurdish citizens, and on the other, Kurdish separatists continue their fight to achieve autonomy, like their Iraqi-Kurdish neighbors, with whom they have found refuge. Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, more than 30,000 Kurds have been killed in battle. And in exile, behind the natural border of the Zagros Mountains, the Iranian-Kurdish militia parties hope to escape the fire of the Iranian army by placing themselves under the joint sovereign protection of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and Iraq.
Iran threatens Iranian-Kurdish groups exiled in Iraqi Kurdistan
Two recent events demonstrate that Iranian Kurds remain within reach of large-scale strikes. The events of 14 November confirmed that Iran,...
Mental Health
Tribal Violence in Iraq: a psychological perspective
News of violence in Iraq has become routine, and it is now rare to witness a day without a case of violence. Political violence is what draws most attention, not due to its scarcity, but for other factors related to the division of society into factions and groups. Tribal and clan violence is fueled by weapons ranging from medium to heavy arms usually used in conflicts between clans and tribes without the state having a significant role in containing them. This cycle of successive violent retaliation does not have any boundaries. It can begin with a petty squabble such as a disagreement about the distribution of resources, a dispute over a plot of land or even, and this is...
Bullying in Iraq: the law of the jungle leaves no one untouched
“Just as some of those sentenced to death die of terror hours before their execution, my brother Ammar Ali died after being isolated from the outside world due to bullying. His congenital birth defect in his brain had also exacerbated his torment.” With these words, Tahseen Ali summarized his brother’s story.
Tahseen recounts the painful story of his brother, Ammar, who died at the age of 24 due to bullying. He said, “My brother suffered from a congenital defect to his head and hair, especially his hair which did not grow normally and remained light in color. This is what prompted some in his surrounding to bully him. Even some passers-by would call him strange, very offensive and cruel things.”
With grief and pain, Tahseen asserts that his brother tried every way to overcome bullying without success: “At one point, he started drinking alcohol in an attempt to draw people's attention to him with something other than his appearance, that is,...
Iraq, a psychiatric void
In Iraq, depression and psychiatric illness are disregarded although they affect large sections of the population. They are even associated with shame and weakness. The rare medical structures present in the country do not offer suitable treatments to the men and women traumatized by the violence in society.
Near Sadr City, barbed wires can be seen for hundreds of meters. Armed men are positioned at the main entrance of the Al-Rashid psychiatric hospital. Their night shift over in the morning, they let other security officers replace them. Inside, birds are chirping and bathing in little swamps. Rusty car structures are scattered in the courtyard. In the distance, a few fenced buildings appear loosely in the distance behind creeping vegetation. Two...
Politics of anger in Iraqi Kurdistan
In Iraq, Kurdistan and in the wider Middle East, anger is in the air. This can be perceived through several events occurring in the region, either minor or important: demonstrations, instability, trends of immigration, heated social media discourses and low voting turnouts. The author of this piece chose to focus mainly on Kurdistan rather than Iraq. The two areas are bound together and share many features but are also different in many other ways. Iraqi Kurdistan’s specificity in relation to the issue of anger and politics will thus be emphasized in this article.
Modernization and its discontents
There is no doubt that one of the most notable characteristics of Kurdistan’s politics is the regular and high level of anger it carries. While anger, protest and demonstrations are global issues, each society expresses and manages anger in a particular way. Its roots often sprout from various sociological factors. As Indian essayist Pankaj Mishra puts it, “the unwelcomed side effects of modernization, and...
Being LGBT in Iraq: a mental health nightmare
“I feel that my body no longer belongs to me”
Zainab is a 22 years old lesbian women from Baghdad. Her family forced her to marry a man. She was repeatedly raped by him. When she tried to return to her family's home she was subjected to physical violence after which her relatives forcibly returned her to her husband. She now suffers from mental problems that affect her health. This situation led her to attempt suicide several times. Meanwhile, she can't reach a therapist. "I feel that my body no longer belongs to me,” explained the young woman.
The series of wars, low economic levels, insecurity, omnipresence of lawles armed groups, has multiplied crimes against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people in Iraq. This led to an increase of mental disorders cases, depression, and even suicide among the members of the LGBT community who remain unable to escape the miserable reality they live in. Meanwhile, mental health services remain close to nonexistent, and are considered a luxury by many.
Although homosexuality was removed from the list of diseases of the American Psychiatric Association in 1987, and the World Health Organization (WHO) retracted...
Politics
The Tishreen movement and its political challenges
An entire year has passed since the last parliamentary elections and Iraq still hasn’t formed a government while the parliament remains more divided than ever. Meanwhile, the Tishreen movement, which shook the very foundations of the Iraqi State in 2019, has almost completely stalled, moving from a stage of protest actions to becoming an genuine political organization from withing the walls of the parliament, riksing its own credibility in the process.
finding alternatives
Since the start of the protests, young Iraqis have become familiarized with alternative political systems such as those encompassed in the Tishreen movement. These kind of actors reflecting or attempting to reflect civil society were previously inaccessible to the older generations during long years of tyranny and oppression....
The Men Around Al-Sadr
The story of a hitman who (almost) always escapes justice
by: Ali Faez
When the political regime of Iraq fell on April 9, 2003, the dissolution of the former Iraqi military heralded the emergence of armed groups outside the scope of the state, groups which would form a parallel state thriving on economic rent, dominance over border crossings and various state institutions budgets. Among these organizations was the Mahdi Army, founded by Muqtada al-Sadr in late 2003 to fight occupying US forces and target Iraqi security forces as well as those collaborating with the US such as translators or any other work that could cast them as foreign agents.
After 2006, when sectarian conflict erupted in the aftermath of the bombing of the Shrine of the Two Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hassan al-Askari), the Mahdi Army engaged in sectarian and ethnic cleansing. This policy led to the killing of tens of thousands of innocent civilians, and the bombing and razing of mosques...
Al-Sadr’s intense month and The Kurdish Street
Since 1991 the Kurdish street has been disconnected from the Arab one in Iraq, following social and political dynamics specific to the Kurdistan Region (KRG). With the al-Sadr uprisings, we once again saw the residents of the KRG play a more or less passive role towards the deadlock conflict and a near civil-war situation.
After the gulf war, the Kurdish areas in Northern Iraq, also known as Bashuri Kurdistan , have been enjoying significant independence from the central government in Iraq. Its capital Erbil hosts its parliament, ministerial and presidential buildings, which process the people's securitarian, legal, social, and residential needs. This has made the individual citizens of the Kurdistan Region not require visiting or recognizing the capital of Iraq, the State are still technically part of.
Currently, Iraq itself is facing one of its worst deadlocks in decades as the...
Iraqi minorities face upheaval amid renewed Iraqi crisis
Religious communities in Iraq have been severely weakened by the escalating tension between major political forces, which have dominated the country and undermined the rights of these minorities both at parliamentary and social levels.
The crisis-ridden situation is pushing them to a state of total despair. The feeling that a perilous future awaits them is widespread, making it impossible for them to foresee any political and social existence in a country which is originally and rightfully theirs.
Active political forces, especially Kurdish and Shiite, were able to extend their control over the weaker political actors of minorities and monopolize their representation, stripping the independent minorities’ leaders of any effective role.
Stolen Political Representation
This is the case for the Christian community, which enjoys...
Al-Maliki and Al-Sadr Are Taking Iraq to the Brink of the Abyss: What Is Iran’s Role?
As the tension does not seem to wane in Iraq as the Sadrist militant fall back once again from the Green zone. As Iraq’s top militia-backed political rivals count their gains and losses, the streets of Iraqi cities are once again filled with blood, destruction and chaos, while governmental institutions threaten to collapse after yet another round of disputes where the rule of law is flouted with no consequences for those who ignited the fire. Still, a close look at the rivalry will help us understand where the ongoing tension emanates from.
In Iraq, the dispute between Muqtada al-Sadr and Nouri al-Maliki has manifested in minute detail and images, revealing the depth of the 15-year conflict between the two Shia...
Environment
Hunting and poaching in Iraqi Kurdistan: a plague for the wildlife
Contrary to a widely held area, Iraq’s autonomous region of Kurdistan does not hold a large population of wild animals. This is partly because most species in the region are heavily exposed to hunting and therefore threatened with disappearance. Environmental organizations as well as citizens concerned about the preservation of nature have jointly launched actions to protect animals and to favor their reproduction. The regional government has also adopted several rules and regulations in order to monitor hunting and to protect animal populations. But all research to evaluate the number and varieties of animals within the Kurdish region remain widely approximative. Censuses indicate the presence of partridges, hens, gazelles, wild goats, jacals, wolves, bears, boars and even panthers. Among...
Kurdistan : from lush forests to dry desert
To this day, no country on earth has ever prevented aggressions toward nature. Humans are responsible for countless damages perpetrated against the wilderness. Considered as the “lungs of the earth”, green spaces keep shrinking, mostly due to manmade fires. Here, in Iraqi Kurdistan, this reality is all the most tragic. In this small region of the world, forests and vegetation in general seems bound to destruction. Our natural environment is being destroyed from the skies and from the ground: nature is dying.
Welcome in the country where forests burn
The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is part of the Iraqi state, located north of the country. East of it stands the Islamic Republic of Iran’s borders. To the North stands Turkey. Its...
Scarcity and over-salinity: Basra’s water dilemma
Due to corruption and negligence of Basra's local authority, the city of water and oil, referred to as the jewel of Iraq's south or the Venice of Middle East, was declared a devastated city in the summer of 2018 due to the contamination of its fresh water supplies and the disruption of all water purification plants in the region. As a result of the usage of polluted waters by the infrastructures of the city, tens of thousands of inhabitants suffered from poisoning in Basra that season. The state authority promised to conduct thorough investigations to find out the causes of the disaster. After three years, however, the investigation's findings were never announced, and the promises made to contain the...
Dirty business: Baghdad’s wasteland affects thousands’ health
While the Iraqi mafia steadily invested in the trash business in, patients and children in particular keep flooding hospitals. Waste trafficking generates a lot of money in Iraq through a shady partnership between governmental agencies and unscrupulous private operators. Meanwhile, regulation organizations remain silent. In Al-Rasheed camp, the population is surviving by making a living by collecting waste out of trash piles that the municipality buys back for 10 000 Iraqi dinars (less than seven US dollars) per day.
In Iraq, underage workers is not unheard of. It is even commonplace. What is new in this matter is the exploitation of children in a truly dirty business. For a salary even more miserable than their adult counterparts, they roam Iraq’s...
Are the Iraqi marshes reaching a dead end?
Every year, Iraq’s vast wetlands in the south of the country see their water levels and quality naturally fluctuate. During the winter, the marshes did not have the same aspect as today, as a dry and hot summer had hit Mesopotamia. One after another, unprecedented droughts are heating the region, emptying the rivers and forcing the water buffalo, an animal at the heart of the economic life in the marshes, to flee to areas where the water levels are higher. While a continuous rise in temperatures and rarefaction of water resources due to the spiral of climate change is affecting the whole planet, wetlands such as the Iraqi marshes, as of today, are facing existential challenges.
These last months, earlier-than-usual drought prompted a number of water buffalo breeders to migrate toward areas in the heart of the central marshes of Chabayish district (Dhi Qar province, 400 km South East of Baghdad) for fresh water. The Ahwar, the local name of Iraq’s marshes is witnessing an ecological crisis as remarkable droughts threaten its perennity and biodiversity.
The dangers of drought are not...
Elections
The Tishreen movement, from protest to Parliament
Serving the future
October 2019’s protests generated unprecedented mass protests in eight governorates of central and southern Iraq. Tainted with blood and tears, these popular marshes subsequently structured themselves into organized protests while the government remained blind to their demands of reforms. In light of an unprecedented governmental repression, the Tishreen movement started to get more attention and was emboldened to propose political solutions in relation to the popular demands made during the protests. During the following demonstrations, Tishreen’s popular base was able to mobilize itself and to fulfill its self-organization initiative with the aim of overcoming Iraq's classical political structure. This was made possible by applying a revolutionary slogan: "Al Wa’i Qa’id” in other words: the people’s conscience is...
Three month after the Iraqi elections, the disappointed hopes of minorities
On October 10, 2021, during anticipated legislative elections, Iraqis gathered to elect the 329 new deputies of the Majlis al Nuwab, the national parliament. These elections were organized by the Iraqi government in order to calm the anger of the Iraqi street that emerged during massive demonstrations in October 2019, which lasted for several months, and forced Prime Minister Adil Abdul Mahdi to resign from his position.
Among...
Women
Women in Iraqi Kurdistan: an asphyxiating situation
While Iraqi-kurdish women and men shared the burden of struggling for existence against Sadam’s regime to secure autonomy in the early nineties, patriarchal values have not ceased to dominate society as women remain treated like property rather than partners.
In the last days of 2018, a woman and her three children were set on fire inside the family house in Chamchamal, Sulaymaniyah governorate. On December 12, 2018, Sewan Qadir, 23 years old; Darun, one year old; Larin, two years old and Darin five years old were all burned alive inside their house. The three children died immediately in a hellish fire and smoke.
With burn injuries on her body, Sewan, the children’s mother was transferred to the emergency hospital in Sulaimani. The...